What is the primary symptom of congestive heart failure (CHF)?

The primary symptom of congestive heart failure (CHF) is shortness of breath, also known as dyspnea. This occurs because CHF leads to the heart's inability to pump blood effectively, causing fluid to back up in the lungs and other parts of the body. As fluid accumulates in the lungs, it becomes difficult for the individual to breathe, especially during physical activity or when lying down, leading to a sensation of breathlessness.

It's important to note that while other symptoms such as impaired cognitive function, difficulty in mobility, and memory loss can occur in patients with heart failure, they are not typically considered primary symptoms of CHF. These symptoms may arise due to secondary effects of inadequate blood flow and oxygen supply, but the hallmark symptom that patients most commonly report in CHF is indeed shortness of breath.